Abstract: The main objective of this research study is to determine whether perceived behavioral control has a moderating role in the influence of attitude toward entrepreneurship and subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention. The sample consists of 159 master of business administration (MBA) students from four Colombian universities. The methodological design is cross-sectional and explanatory and applies the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that there is no evidence to suggest that perceived behavioral control moderates the relationship between attitude toward entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. In addition, there is no evidence to infer that perceived behavioral control moderates the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention. In conclusion, the current model of the theory of planned behavior provides no empirical support for explaining the entrepreneurial intention of MBA students from four different Colombian universities.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si el control del comportamiento percibido tiene un rol moderador en la influencia de la actitud hacia el emprendimiento y las normas subjetivas sobre la intención emprendedora. La muestra consiste en 159 estudiantes de maestría en administración de empresas (MBA) de cuatro universidades privadas colombianas en Bogotá. El diseño metodológico es explicativo-transversal y utiliza el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM). Los resultados muestran que no hay evidencia para afirmar que el control del comportamiento percibido modera la relación entre la actitud hacia el emprendimiento y la intención emprendedora. Tampoco hay evidencia de que el control del comportamiento percibido modera la relación entre las normas subjetivas y la intención emprendedora. En conclusión, el modelo actual de la teoría de la conducta planeada no tiene respaldo empírico en la explicación de la intención emprendedora de estudiantes de cuatro programas de MBA de universidades colombianas.

Abstract: The main objective of the present study is to characterize sustainable entrepreneurship by using a multiple-case design. Based on the analysis of five cases, the process of sustainable entrepreneurship is described. Interviewees’ responses are analyzed following a set of steps: 1) response codification, 2) categorization into common themes, and 3) conclusions that provide a general explanation by grouping common themes. The results show that there is: 1) a recognition of a social or environmental problem, 2) a recognition of a social or environmental opportunity, 3) development of a double bottom line solution, 4) development of a triple bottom line solution, 5) financing and formation of a sustainable organization, and (6) creation or entry into a sustainable market. It is concluded that these findings allow making theoretical and practical contributions to sustainable entrepreneurship.

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es caracterizar el emprendimiento sostenible a partir de un diseño de caso múltiple. Con base al análisis de cinco casos, se describió el proceso de emprendimiento sostenible. Las respuestas de los entrevistados se analizaron a partir de un conjunto de pasos: 1) codificación de las respuestas, 2) categorización en temáticas comunes y 3) establecimiento de conclusiones que permitan una explicación general agrupada en los temas comunes. Los resultados identificados para el emprendimiento sostenible son: 1) el reconocimiento de una problemática social o ambiental, 2) el reconocimiento de una oportunidad social o ambiental, 3) el desarrollo de una solución de doble resultado, 4) el desarrollo de una solución de triple resultado, 5) la financiación y formación de una organización sostenible, y 6) la creación o ingreso a un mercado sostenible. Se concluye que estos hallazgos permiten realizar contribuciones teóricas y prácticas de emprendimiento sostenible.

Para controlar o comércio ilegal de vida selvagem e proteger espécies animais ameaçadas, é essencial a identificação inequívoca dos espécimes capturados. Ferramentas de genética forense têm contribuído na identificação de animais para fins conservacionistas, fornecendo resultados precisos utilizados em políticas de gestão da biodiversidade. O muriqui-do-sul (Brachyteles arachnoides) é o maior primata não humano da região neotropical e está criticamente em perigo (Lista Vermelha da IUCN) devido, principalmente, à caça ilegal para consumo de sua carne. Nesse estudo, descrevemos um método molecular baseado em PCR/RFLP para diferenciar a carne do muriqui-do-sul da carne dos animais domésticos mais consumidos no Brasil (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, and Sus scrofa). Este método é baseado na amplificação e digestão da região 16S mtDNA com a enzima de restrição BanI. Além disso, sequências da região do 16S mtDNA do muriqui-do-sul e de 13 espécies de mamíferos simpátricos e parapátricos também caçados por sua carne foram examinadas para avaliar a presença de sítios de restrição homólogos que pudessem comprometer a identificação do muriqui-do-sul. Os resultados indicam a utilidade desta ferramenta por representar um método simples e de baixo custo que permite diferenciar amostras de muriqui-do-sul das amostras das espécies domésticas e selvagens que foram examinadas. Esperamos que esta ferramenta molecular ajude as autoridades na prevenção de crimes contra a biodiversidade e cumprimento da legislação contra a caça ilegal de animais ameaçados.

To control illegal wildlife-product trade and protect endangered species of animals, unambiguous identification of the captured specimens is essential. Forensic genetic tools have contributed to identify animal species for conservation purposes promoting accurate results for informing public policies and management of the biodiversity. The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) is the largest non-human primate of the Neotropical region and is critically endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), mainly due to the illegal hunting for bushmeat. In this study, we describe a molecular method using PCR/RFLP to differentiate between bushmeat of southern muriqui and the meat of the domestic animals most commonly consumed in Brazil (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, and Sus scrofa). The method is based on the amplification and digestion with BanI restriction enzyme of the 16S mtDNA region. We also examine 16S mtDNA sequences of the southern muriqui and other 13 sympatric and parapatric wild species of mammals also hunted for bushmeat to examine whether homologies of the BanI restriction sites could lead to species misidentification. The results indicate the utility of this tool as it represents a simple and cost-effective method to differentiate southern muriqui samples from those of the examined domestic and wild sympatric and parapatric species. We hope this molecular tool will help public authorities in crime prevention, and enhance law reinforcement of illegal hunting of threatened animal species.

La relación entre inteligencia emocional y liderazgo ha sido explorada por varios autores (Barbuto y Burbach, 2006; Dulewics, Young y Dulewics, 2005; Gardner y Stough, 2002; Barling, Slater y Kelloway, 2000); sin embargo, esta relación aún no se ha estudiado a profundidad en Latinoamérica. Éste estudio muestra la relación existente entre las prácticas de liderazgo y la inteligencia emocional en los empleados colombianos. Para el efecto, se aplicó el inventario de prácticas de liderazgo de Kouzes y Posner (1997) y el instrumento desarrollado por Wong y Law (2002) de inteligencia emocional a una muestra de 339 empleados de organizaciones de diferentes sectores en la ciudad de Bogotá en Colombia. Los resultados sugieren que sí existe una relación entre la inteligencia emocional y las prácticas de liderazgo. Además, que los líderes que utilizan la inteligencia emocional pueden liderar más eficientemente sus grupos de trabajo. También se encontró una relación entre la edad, el género, el nivel educativo y los años de experiencia en manejo de personal con el desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional y las prácticas de liderazgo.

The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership has been explored by many researchers (Barbuto and Barbach, 2006; Dulewics, Young, and Dulewics, 2005; Gardner andStough, 2002; Barling, Slater, and Kelloway, 2000). This relationship had not been investigated in Latin America. This study shows the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership practices in Colombian employees. To conduct the investigation, the authors used the leadership practices inventory (LPI) from Kouzes and Posner (1997) and the emotional intelligence instrument developed by Wong and Law (2002). The instruments were applied to a total of 339 employees from different companies in different economic sectors in Colombia. The results show a significant relationship between leadership practices and emotional intelligence. Also, leaders who are emotionally intelligent are more efficient. Additionally, it was found that a relationship exists among leadership practices and emotional intelligence with age, gender, educational level, and time of experience in employee management.

La relation entre intelligence émotionnelle et leadership a été explorée par plusieurs auteurs (Barbuto et Burbach, 2006; Dulewics, Young et Dulewics, 2005; Gardner et Stough, 2002; Barling, Slater et Kelloway, 2000); cependant, cette relation n´a pas encore été étudiée en Amérique Latine. Cette étude montre la relation qui existe entre les pratiques de leadership et l´intelligence émotionnelle chez les employés colombiens. Pour cela, on a appliqué l´inventaire de pratiques de leadership de Kouzes et Posner (1997) et l´instrument développé par Wong et Law (2002) d´intelligence émotionnelle à un échantillon de 339 employés d´organisations de différents secteurs de la ville de Bogotá en Colombie. Les résultats suggèrent qu´il existe vraiment une relation entre l´intelligence émotionnelle et les pratiques de leadership. En plus, que les leaders qui utilisent l´intelligence émotionnelle peuvent conduire plus efficacement leurs groupes de travail. On a aussi trouvé une relation entre l´âge, le genre, le niveau éducatif et les années d´expérience dans la conduite de personnel avec le développement de l´intelligence émotionnelle et les pratiques de leadership.

El presente documento está fundamentado en la teoría cognitiva social, que de acuerdo a Bandura (1986) dicha teoría presta especial atención a la interacción basada en una reciprocidad tríadica, la cual se refiere al comportamiento, aspectos personales y las influencias del ambiente o clima organizacional. Estos tres factores interactúan entre sí para determinar la forma en que la gente se va a comportar. La teoría se inserta en las organizaciones para que al crear el ambiente adecuado, ayudar a los empleados con su comportamiento y sus aspectos personales, los mismos empleados se comportarán de la manera que espera la organización para alcanzar las metas propuestas y así mejorar el desempeño organizacional. Este artículo presenta cuatro componentes el ambiente adecuado, incluyendo maneras de ayudar a los empleados con sus aspectos personales y comportamientos. Todos los componentes están basados en diferentes teorías y han sido conjugados para mejorar el desempeño organizacional. Puede ser una organización nueva o ya en funcionamiento, pero cuando el líder crea el ambiente adecuado, los empleados pueden desempeñarse mas eficientemente. El caso de las organizaciones nacientes, tienen la gran oportunidad de nacer con el ambiente adecuado permitiendo a los empleados ser eficientes desde el principio.

This document is based on the social cognitive theory. According to Bandura (1986), "social cognitive theory favors a conception of interaction based on triadic reciprocality". The triadic Bandura refers to is the behavior, personal factors, and environment influences. These three factors interact to each other to determine the way people will behave. This theory is brought to organizations to say that creating the right environment and helping employees with their behaviors and personal factors, they will behave the way the organizations wants to achieve the desired goals and to improve organizational performance. This document presents four components to create the right environment including ways to help the employees with their personal factors and behaviors. All the components are framed by different theories and putting together to improve organizational performance. It can be a new organization or an old organization but, when the leader creates the right environment, people can perform efficiently. New organizations have the great opportunity to start right since the beginning, creating the environment to allow people to innovate from the beginning.

Ce document se base sur la théorie cognitive sociale qui, selon Bandura (1986), « favorise une conception de l'interaction basée sur la réciprocité triadique. » Pour Bandura le triadique désigne le comportement, les facteurs personnels, et les influences de l'environnement. Ces trois facteurs interagissent les uns aux autres et déterminent les façons dont les personnes se comportent. Cette théorie amène les organisations à créer un environnement propice et aide les employés dans leurs comportements personnels. Ces derniers devront se comporter de la façon dont les organisations le souhaitent pour atteindre les objectifs désirés et améliorer ainsi le rendement de l'entreprise. Ce document présente quatre composantes pour créer un environnement propice, y compris les moyens d'aider les employés dans leurs relations interpersonnelles et leurs comportements. Toutes les composantes sont encadrées par différentes théories et mises en commun pour améliorer la performance organisationnelle. Ce peut être une nouvelle organisation ou un organisme plus ancien mais, lorsque les responsables créent un environnement propice, les personnes peuvent accomplir efficacement leurs taches. Les nouvelles organisations ont la grande opportunité de bien commencer dès le départ en créant un environnement favorable permettant aux personnes d'être rapidement innovantes.

The identification of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms is one of the most efficient methods for species differentiation. Genotyping of molecular markers using PCR/RFLP is a reliable, sensitive and inexpensive method for the detection of species specific mutations. The major causes of decline in Sirenia populations are accidental and intentional catches, collisions with boats and habitat loss. The goal of the present study was to identify, in silico, nucleotide mutations in the cytochrome b gene that can be used for the future development of forensic tools capable of using small tissue fragments to discriminate manatee meat from domesticated species meat commonly used as food sources (bovine, ovine, caprine and swine). DNA sequence alignments revealed two polymorphic sites distinguishing the manatee species from domestic species. The present study reinforced the power of cytochrome polymorphisms as powerful markers for species identification, which may be particularly useful for identifying vulnerable/endangered species. The data provided herein also suggest such mtDNA markers as important conservation tools for combating predatory manatee hunting for illegal meat trade in the Americas

Marcadores RFLPs mitocondriais foram desenvolvidos para verificar se Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) é invasora nos ambientes naturais da espécie congênere P. ternetzi no rio Paraná, no sul do Brasil. Exemplares de Plagioscion squamosissimus e supostamente de P. ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) foram obtidos, respectivamente, do rio Negro (Manaus, AM, Brasil) e rio Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil). Foram amplificados, via PCR, fragmentos de cerca de 900pb do Citocromo b e foram utilizadas quatro enzimas de restrição (Eco RI, Mbo I, Bam HI e Alu I) para os fins de geração dos marcadores moleculares. Foi desenvolvida, a partir de uma seqüência de Citocromo b de Plagioscion sp. (genebank), uma análise de RFLP adicional, objetivando validar a primeira análise acima mencionada. Considerando a inexistência de significativa variação observada no Citocromo b dos indivíduos analisados, a análise combinada com todas as enzimas foi importante para demonstrar que não existe diferenciação molecular para o nível específico entre a suposta amostra de P. ternetzi e aquela de Plagioscion squamosissimus. São discutidas as implicações ecológicas da introdução de P. squamosissimus , bem como a aplicação da taxonomia molecular para estudos de biodiversidade.

Mitochondrial RFLP markers were developed to examine whether Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) is invasive in natural environments of the congener P. ternetzi in the Paraná river, in southern Brazil. Specimens of P. squamosissimus and of the putative P. ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) were obtained from the Negro river (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil) and from Paraná river, respectively. Fragments of the cytochrome b gene (900bp) were amplified by PCR and four restriction enzymes (Eco RI, Mbo I, Bam HI and Alu I) yielded the mitochondrial markers. An additional RFLP analysis with a cytochrome b gene sequence of Plagioncion sp. from GeneBank was carried out to validate the prior analysis. No genetic differentiation was found among either sample. While molecular variation in the cytochrome b analysis was no substantial among individuals, the combined analysis was important for demonstrating that there is no evidence for differentiation of the putative sample P. ternetzi from that of P. squamosissimus. The ecological implications of the introduced occurrence of P. squamosissimus, as well as the role of molecular taxonomic approaches for biodiversity studies are discussed.

São descritos o cariótipo e a localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (Ag-NOR) de uma amostra de Trichomycterus diabolus, coletada no córrego Hortelã (Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil). A espécie apresentou 2n=56 cromossomos (42 metacêntricos, 12 submetacêntricos e 2 subtelocêntricos) e as regiões organizadoras de nucléolo localizadas próximas ao centrômero, no braço longo do maior par metacêntrico. A ocorrência de 2n=56 cromossomos em Trichomycterus diabolus é uma característica interessante, uma vez que, até o momento, todas as espécies cis-Andinas cariotipadas apresentaram 2n=54 cromossomos, enquanto que quase todas as espécies trans-Andinas apresentaram números diplóides diferentes. É discutida a possível origem desta inesperada estrutura cariotípica.

The karyotype and the Ag-NOR location of a sample of Trichomycterus diabolus collected in the córrego Hortelã (Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil) are described. The species exhibited 2n=56 chromosomes (42 metacentrics, 12 submetacentrics and 2 subtelocentrics) and the nucleolus organizing region located near to the centromere on the long arm of the largest metacentric pair. The presence of 2n=56 chromosomes in T. diabolus is an interesting characteristic since until now all cis-Andean species karyotyped presented 2n=54 chromosomes while almost all trans-Andean species presented different diploid numbers. The possible origin of this unexpected karyotypic form is discussed.